# EVM utilities

EVM utilities functions with exact signatures, examples, and catalog metadata.

Canonical HTML: <https://determica.com/docs/category/evm-utilities>

Hash values, compute selectors, convert units, work with bytes, and cast EVM types.

- [bytes_concat_agg](/docs/functions/bytes_concat_agg.md) — Concatenates BYTES chunks in aggregate input order, preserving an aggregate ORDER BY clause when supplied.
- [divmul](/docs/functions/divmul.md) — Computes floor(x * d / y), not an algebraic inverse of muldiv, with the product formed in 512 bits. Errors when y is zero or when the quotient does not fit UINT256. NULL input propagates to NULL.
- [evm_addmod](/docs/functions/evm_addmod.md) — Implements EVM ADDMOD: computes (a + b) mod n using the full mathematical sum, without UINT256 wraparound, and returns zero when n is zero. NULL input propagates to NULL.
- [evm_bit_count](/docs/functions/evm_bit_count.md) — Counts set bits in the complete 256-bit unsigned EVM word. Returns 0 for zero and 256 for UINT256_MAX. NULL input propagates to NULL.
- [evm_byte](/docs/functions/evm_byte.md) — Implements the EVM BYTE opcode over a UINT256 word. BYTE index 0 selects the most significant byte and index 31 selects the least significant byte. Negative indices and indices above 31 return zero. NULL input propagates to NULL.
- [evm_ceil_div](/docs/functions/evm_ceil_div.md) — Ceiling division: (x + y - 1) / y. Rounds up to ensure no remainder. If y is 0, the function errors with: Division by zero in evm_ceil_div.
- [evm_clamp](/docs/functions/evm_clamp.md) — Constrains x to the inclusive range [lo, hi] when lo <= hi. For compatibility, reversed bounds lo > hi return lo; reversed bounds do not describe a valid interval. NULL input propagates to NULL.
- [evm_clz](/docs/functions/evm_clz.md) — Counts zero bits from bit 255, the most significant bit, toward bit 0 in a 256-bit unsigned EVM word. Returns 256 for zero. NULL input propagates to NULL.
- [evm_ctz](/docs/functions/evm_ctz.md) — Counts zero bits from bit 0, the least significant bit, toward bit 255 in a 256-bit unsigned EVM word. Returns 256 for zero. NULL input propagates to NULL.
- [evm_iszero](/docs/functions/evm_iszero.md) — Implements the EVM ISZERO opcode: returns BIGINT 1 when the complete UINT256 word is zero and 0 otherwise. NULL input propagates to NULL.
- [evm_max](/docs/functions/evm_max.md) — Returns the maximum of two UINT256 values.
- [evm_min](/docs/functions/evm_min.md) — Returns the minimum of two UINT256 values.
- [evm_modexp](/docs/functions/evm_modexp.md) — Computes base^exp mod modulus over three fixed-width UINT256 values. Returns 0 when modulus is 0 or 1; for other moduli, exponent 0 returns 1. This is not the EVM MODEXP precompile byte interface: it does not accept length-prefixed byte sequences, produce variable-width output, or model gas. NULL input propagates to NULL.
- [evm_mulmod](/docs/functions/evm_mulmod.md) — Implements EVM MULMOD: computes (a * b) mod n from the full 512-bit product, without UINT256 wraparound, and returns zero when n is zero. NULL input propagates to NULL.
- [evm_pack_uint_be](/docs/functions/evm_pack_uint_be.md) — Packs a UINT256 value into an exact-width big-endian BYTES value for ABI-adjacent byte construction.
- [evm_sar](/docs/functions/evm_sar.md) — Implements EVM SAR over a two's-complement INT256 word: right shifts with sign-bit fill. Counts at least 256 return -1 for negative x and 0 otherwise. Negative SQL BIGINT counts throw Invalid Input Error: Shift amount must be non-negative. NULL input propagates to NULL.
- [evm_set_bits](/docs/functions/evm_set_bits.md) — Positions of one bits in a 256-bit unsigned EVM word, ascending from bit 0. Zero gives []; UINT256_MAX gives 0 through 255. NULL propagates. A list comprehension turns a bitmap word into its members, e.g. initialized ticks of a tick bitmap word.
- [evm_shl](/docs/functions/evm_shl.md) — Implements EVM SHL: shifts a UINT256 word left, discards bits above bit 255, and returns zero for counts at least 256. Negative SQL BIGINT counts throw Invalid Input Error: Shift amount must be non-negative. NULL input propagates to NULL.
- [evm_shr](/docs/functions/evm_shr.md) — Implements EVM SHR: logically shifts a UINT256 word right, fills high bits with zero, and returns zero for counts at least 256. Negative SQL BIGINT counts throw Invalid Input Error: Shift amount must be non-negative. NULL input propagates to NULL.
- [evm_sign](/docs/functions/evm_sign.md) — Returns -1 for a negative two's-complement INT256 value, 0 for zero, and 1 for a positive value. NULL input propagates to NULL.
- [evm_signextend](/docs/functions/evm_signextend.md) — Implements EVM SIGNEXTEND. Byte k is indexed from the least significant byte; bit 8*k+7 is copied through all higher bits. SQL BIGINT k values below 0 or at least 31 return the unchanged UINT256 word. NULL input propagates to NULL.
- [evm_sqrt](/docs/functions/evm_sqrt.md) — Returns the floor integer square root of a UINT256 value using overflow-safe Newton iteration. Defined for the full UINT256 range. NULL input propagates to NULL.
- [format_ether](/docs/functions/format_ether.md) — Human-readable helper for wei balances. Equivalent to format_units(amount, 18). Returns VARCHAR without introducing floating point conversion.
- [format_units](/docs/functions/format_units.md) — Scales raw EVM integer balances by 10^decimals and returns a VARCHAR string representation. No floating point conversion is introduced. The default decimal scale is 18. INT256 inputs preserve signed values, and trailing fractional zeros are trimmed from the formatted string.
- [hex](/docs/functions/hex.md) — Formats a BLOB-backed EVM byte value as uppercase hexadecimal text without a 0x prefix. hex and to_hex are compatibility aliases with identical behavior.
- [keccak256](/docs/functions/keccak256.md) — Computes the Keccak-256 hash used by the EVM, returning a BYTES32 digest. Non-0x VARCHAR input is hashed as UTF-8, 0x-prefixed VARCHAR input is decoded to bytes first, and multi-argument overloads hash the exact unframed concatenation in argument order.
- [length](/docs/functions/length.md) — Returns the number of bytes in a BLOB or BLOB-backed EVM value such as ADDRESS, BYTES32, UINT256, or INT256.
- [muldiv](/docs/functions/muldiv.md) — x * y / z with a 512-bit product: no overflow before division. UINT256 rounds down, INT256 truncates toward zero, unless a rounding mode is given. Errors when z is zero or result does not fit its type. NULL propagates. Native integer arguments fit both forms: cast them to UINT256 or INT256.
- [parse_ether](/docs/functions/parse_ether.md) — Shorthand for parse_units(value, 18). Converts ETH/WETH amounts to wei. Prefer VARCHAR inputs for capital-moving amounts. Negative values and excess fractional precision are rejected; overflow currently follows parse_units compatibility behavior and wraps modulo 2^256.
- [parse_gwei](/docs/functions/parse_gwei.md) — Shorthand for parse_units(value, 9). Converts gwei to wei. Prefer VARCHAR inputs for capital-moving amounts. Negative values and excess fractional precision are rejected; overflow currently follows parse_units compatibility behavior and wraps modulo 2^256.
- [parse_units](/docs/functions/parse_units.md) — Converts human-readable token amounts to UINT256 raw values by multiplying by 10^decimals. Prefer VARCHAR inputs for capital-moving amounts. Negative values are rejected, fractional digits beyond decimals are rejected, and decimals must be between 0 and 77. String inputs trim surrounding whitespace, allow an optional leading plus sign, right-pad fractional digits with zeros, accept trailing fractional zeros, and reject scientific notation. Values that exceed UINT256 currently wrap modulo 2^256; treat that as compatibility behavior and validate untrusted amounts before parsing.
- [sort_key](/docs/functions/sort_key.md) — Converts INT256/INT512/UINT256/UINT512 to a sortable BLOB for use in ORDER BY. Necessary because Determica's default BLOB ordering doesn't handle signed integers correctly. Use sort_key only inside ORDER BY or comparison-key workflows; it is not a human-readable number conversion, hash, or portable serialization.
- [to_hex](/docs/functions/to_hex.md) — Formats a BLOB-backed EVM byte value as uppercase hexadecimal text without a 0x prefix. hex and to_hex are compatibility aliases with identical behavior.
- [to_timestamp](/docs/functions/to_timestamp.md) — Converts UINT256 seconds since the Unix epoch to a timezone-naive TIMESTAMP. Interpret the result as UTC when the source value is an EVM block timestamp.
- [try_add](/docs/functions/try_add.md) — Adds two UINT256 values. Arithmetic overflow produces NULL; independently, ordinary scalar NULL propagation produces NULL when either input is NULL.
- [try_mul](/docs/functions/try_mul.md) — Multiplies two UINT256 values using a 512-bit intermediate. Arithmetic overflow produces NULL; independently, ordinary scalar NULL propagation produces NULL when either input is NULL.
- [try_sub](/docs/functions/try_sub.md) — Subtracts two UINT256 values. Arithmetic underflow produces NULL; independently, ordinary scalar NULL propagation produces NULL when either input is NULL.